Gene Therapy: What You Need to Know
Certain inherited disorders can be prevented, treated, or cured with genetic therapies. Cancer and infections, including HIV, can also be treated with them.
FREMONT, CA: The aim of gene therapy is to restore the functions of critical proteins by altering the genetic code. Proteins are the structural basis of the body's tissues and the workhorse of the cell. Variations or mutations in a person's genetic code can affect how the body produces or functions proteins that may be crucial to how the body works. By fixing or compensating for disease-causing genetic changes, the body may be able to recover the functions of these important proteins.
There are two ways that gene therapy can compensate for genetic alterations:
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In gene transfer therapy, new genetic material is introduced into cells. An altered gene can cause a necessary protein to be faulty or missing, which can be corrected by gene transfer therapy. In addition to introducing a new gene, the therapy can also provide instructions for making a protein that helps the cell function normally regardless of the genetic mutation.
Gene therapy may be possible with genome editing, a newer technique. Rather than adding new genetic material, genome editing uses gene editing tools to modify existing DNA. With genome editing technologies, genetic material can be added, eliminated, or altered at precise locations in the genome. Genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 is well known.
Inserting genetic material or gene-editing tools directly into a cell usually does not work.
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